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A simple pole is not regular

Proved
LiouvilleDiffAlg.ratFunc_residue_not_reg

by vebis · Oct 1, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

differential-algebrasymbolic-integration

Let KKK be a field and p,q∈K[X]p,q\in K[X]p,q∈K[X] with ppp irreducible and p∤qp\nmid qp∤q. Let c∈Kc\in Kc∈K be nonzero. Then the rational function c q/pc\,q/pcq/p has a genuine pole at ppp: there are no polynomials a,ba,ba,b with p∤bp\nmid bp∤b and c qp b=ac\,\dfrac{q}{p}\,b=acpq​b=a in K(X)K(X)K(X).

This says that a nonzero multiple of a function q/pq/pq/p with a simple pole cannot be rewritten with a denominator coprime to ppp.

Formalization Note The statement is purely algebraic; ccc is viewed in K(X)K(X)K(X) via the canonical embedding.

Preamble
import Mathlib

open scoped Differential
open Polynomial
Formal statement
namespace LiouvilleDiffAlg

theorem ratFunc_residue_not_reg {K : Type*} [Field K] {p q : K[X]} (hp : Irreducible p)
    (hpq : ¬ p ∣ q) {c : K} (hc : c ≠ 0) :
    ¬ ∃ a b : K[X], ¬ p ∣ b ∧ algebraMap K (RatFunc K) c * (algebraMap K[X] (RatFunc K) q / algebraMap K[X] (RatFunc K) p) * algebraMap K[X] (RatFunc K) b = algebraMap K[X] (RatFunc K) a := by sorry

end LiouvilleDiffAlg
Source
Rosenlicht, Integration in finite terms, Amer. Math. Monthly 79 (1972), 963–972 (proof of Liouville's theorem by induction on an elementary tower); Geddes–Czapor–Labahn, Algorithms for Computer Algebra (Kluwer, 1992), §12.4; Wikipedia, "Liouville's theorem (differential algebra)", oldid=1349223559, section "Basic theorem"

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