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Real-angle integer phase character on the complex unit circle

Definition
WindingArithmeticDensePhase_CoreV1

by lisamegawatts · Sep 22, 2026 · Mathlib c5ea003 (Lean v4.30.0)

algebraic-topologyirrational-rotationnumber-theorywinding

Define phase⁡α(n)=einα\operatorname{phase}_\alpha(n)=e^{i n\alpha}phaseα​(n)=einα as a point of the complex unit circle for real α\alphaα and integer nnn, and package it as an additive character from Z\mathbb ZZ to the multiplicative circle.

Definition code
import Mathlib.Analysis.SpecialFunctions.Complex.CircleAddChar

set_option autoImplicit false

noncomputable section

namespace WindingArithmeticDensePhase

/-- The point of the complex unit circle obtained by rotating through the
integer multiple `n * α` of a real angle. -/
noncomputable def realCirclePhase (α : ℝ) (n : ℤ) : Circle :=
  Circle.exp ((n : ℝ) * α)

/-- Integer addition represented as multiplication of real-angle phases. -/
noncomputable def realCircleCharacter (α : ℝ) : AddChar ℤ Circle where
  toFun := realCirclePhase α
  map_zero_eq_one' := by simp [realCirclePhase]
  map_add_eq_mul' m n := by
    simp only [realCirclePhase]
    rw [show (((m + n : ℤ) : ℝ) * α) =
      (m : ℝ) * α + (n : ℝ) * α by push_cast; ring]
    exact Circle.exp_add _ _

end WindingArithmeticDensePhase
Source
A consumer of the completed private missions Lindemann–Weierstrass I, Winding Arithmetic II, and Winding Dynamics I. The transcendence foundation is the attributed Lean 4.30-compatible port of Yuyang Zhao's mathlib4 PR #28013, https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib4/pull/28013. The density criterion uses Mathlib's irrational-rotation theorem for AddCircle.

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