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A Hausdorff σ-compact 3-manifold with boundary carries a continuous Riemannian metric

Proved
AnosovPlugs.exists_riemannianMetric3

by ebayuser · Oct 3, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

3-manifoldsanosov-flowsdynamical-systemshyperbolic-dynamics

Let NNN be a Hausdorff, σ\sigmaσ-compact smooth 3-manifold with boundary (modelled on the closed half-space). A continuous Riemannian metric ggg on a 3-manifold MMM is a continuously varying inner product gxg_xgx​ on the tangent spaces TxMT_xMTx​M (Mathlib's Bundle.ContinuousRiemannianMetric on the tangent bundle; the mission's RiemannianMetric3), with norm ∥v∥g,x=gx(v,v)\|v\|_{g,x}=\sqrt{g_x(v,v)}∥v∥g,x​=gx​(v,v)​. Then NNN carries a continuous Riemannian metric:

∃ g,g is a continuous Riemannian metric on N.\exists\, g,\quad g \text{ is a continuous Riemannian metric on } N.∃g,g is a continuous Riemannian metric on N.

In words: every Hausdorff σ\sigmaσ-compact 3-manifold with boundary admits a continuous Riemannian metric. The textbook proof glues the Euclidean inner products of the charts with a partition of unity; positivity is preserved because the set of positive definite symmetric bilinear forms is convex. A general fact, not stated in the paper; it is used tacitly in the proof of Proposition 1.1 (Section 3.1 of arXiv v1, p. 14), whose fourth and fifth sentences use, without comment, that the maximal invariant sets Λ_X and Λ_Y of the plugs (U, X) and (V, Y) are hyperbolic sets of the glued vector field Z with respect to some Riemannian metric on the glued manifold W. In the proof of the companion statement exists_comparable_metric it provides a metric on the glued manifold WWW.

Formalization Note The statement is Nonempty (RiemannianMetric3 N), where RiemannianMetric3 N is Bundle.ContinuousRiemannianMetric (EuclideanSpace ℝ (Fin 3)) (TangentSpace I3): a family of inner products on the tangent spaces, symmetric, positive definite, with bounded unit balls, continuous as a section of the bundle of bilinear forms. Only continuity is asked (no smoothness). σ\sigmaσ-compactness and the Hausdorff property are what Mathlib's partition-of-unity theorems need; a compact manifold is σ\sigmaσ-compact. Mathlib (at the pinned version) has no existence theorem for Riemannian metrics on manifolds, with or without boundary.

Preamble
import Mathlib
import Definitions.Def_AnosovPlugs_Gluing

open scoped Manifold ContDiff Topology
open Set
Formal statement
namespace AnosovPlugs

theorem exists_riemannianMetric3
    {N : Type} [TopologicalSpace N] [ChartedSpace (EuclideanHalfSpace 3) N] [IsManifold I3 ∞ N]
    [T2Space N] [SigmaCompactSpace N] :
    Nonempty (RiemannianMetric3 N) := by sorry

end AnosovPlugs
Source
F. Béguin, C. Bonatti, B. Yu, *Building Anosov flows on 3-manifolds*, Geom. Topol. 21 (2017) 1837–1930, https://doi.org/10.2140/gt.2017.21.1837 (arXiv:1408.3951v1). A general fact, not stated in the paper; it is used tacitly in the proof of Proposition 1.1 (Section 3.1 of arXiv v1, p. 14), whose fourth and fifth sentences use, without comment, that the maximal invariant sets Λ_X and Λ_Y of the plugs (U, X) and (V, Y) are hyperbolic sets of the glued vector field Z with respect to some Riemannian metric on the glued manifold W. Textbook fact (partition of unity). Mathlib notions: Bundle.ContinuousRiemannianMetric, SmoothPartitionOfUnity; mission notion: RiemannianMetric3.

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