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Tao Theorem 5.1 as its proof gives it

Proved
TaoFivePrimes.minor_arc_bound_theorem51_as_proved

by Hartmann_Psi · Sep 14, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

analytic-number-theoryexponential-sumsgoldbachminor-arcsnumber-theory

Bound for minor arc sums, with the constants its own proof yields. Let 4α=aq+β4\alpha=\frac aq+\beta4α=qa​+β for a natural number q≥4q\ge4q≥4 with (a,q)=1(a,q)=1(a,q)=1 and ∣β∣≤q−2|\beta|\le q^{-2}∣β∣≤q−2. Let 1<U,V<x1<U,V<x1<U,V<x with UV≤x4UV\le\frac x4UV≤4x​, UV2≥xUV^2\ge xUV2≥x and U,V≥40U,V\ge40U,V≥40. Then

∣Sη0,2(x,α)∣ ≤ xq(log⁡x)(log⁡(2UVq+4)+4)+1.78(UV+52q)(8+log⁡q)log⁡(2x)+(0.1xq+0.39xx/q)(log⁡xUV)log⁡VxU+(0.55xU+1.1xV)log⁡xU.\begin{aligned} |S_{\eta_0,2}(x,\alpha)|\ \le\ & \frac xq(\log x)\Bigl(\log\Bigl(\frac{2UV}{q}+4\Bigr)+4\Bigr)+1.78\Bigl(UV+\frac52q\Bigr)(8+\log q)\log(2x)\\ &+\Bigl(0.1\frac{x}{\sqrt q}+0.39\frac{x}{\sqrt{x/q}}\Bigr)\Bigl(\log\frac{x}{UV}\Bigr)\log\frac{Vx}{U}+\Bigl(0.55\frac{x}{\sqrt U}+1.1\frac{x}{\sqrt V}\Bigr)\log\frac xU . \end{aligned}∣Sη0​,2​(x,α)∣ ≤ ​qx​(logx)(log(q2UV​+4)+4)+1.78(UV+25​q)(8+logq)log(2x)+(0.1q​x​+0.39x/q​x​)(logUVx​)logUVx​+(0.55U​x​+1.1V​x​)logUx​.​

This is the source's Theorem 5.1 with each of its four terms replaced by what its own chain of estimates delivers. The source prints 0.50.50.5, 0.890.890.89 and 0.780.780.78 where this statement has 111 (with an extra additive 444), 1.781.781.78 and 1.11.11.1. It is still strong enough for everything the source does with it: the exponential sum estimate of Theorem 1.3 follows from this form with its printed constants, at U=V=110x2/5U=V=\frac1{10}x^{2/5}U=V=101​x2/5 rather than the source's U=14x2/5U=\frac14x^{2/5}U=41​x2/5, V=12x2/5V=\frac12x^{2/5}V=21​x2/5.

Where the three changes come from

The factor 222 in the first two terms. The Type I argument bounds each block 2jq+q2<d≤2(j+1)q+q22jq+\frac q2<d\le2(j+1)q+\frac q22jq+2q​<d≤2(j+1)q+2q​ by Corollary 3.5. That block has length exactly 2q2q2q, so the corollary's prefactor is ⌊2q2q⌋+1=2\lfloor\frac{2q}{2q}\rfloor+1=2⌊2q2q​⌋+1=2, giving 2(2Aj+2πCqlog⁡4q)2\bigl(2A_j+\frac2\pi Cq\log4q\bigr)2(2Aj​+π2​Cqlog4q) with Aj=12x2jq+q/2log⁡x+CA_j=\frac12\frac{x}{2jq+q/2}\log x+CAj​=21​2jq+q/2x​logx+C and C=4(log⁡2)log⁡2xC=4(\log2)\log2xC=4(log2)log2x. The source's display uses 2Aj+2πCqlog⁡4q2A_j+\frac2\pi Cq\log 4q2Aj​+π2​Cqlog4q, that is prefactor 111. Carrying the correct prefactor doubles both the harmonic term and the block bookkeeping, and 4log⁡2π≤0.89\frac{4\log2}\pi\le0.89π4log2​≤0.89 becomes 8log⁡2π≤1.78\frac{8\log2}\pi\le1.78π8log2​≤1.78.

The additive 444. The integral test ∑0≤j≤UV2q−14x2jq+q2≤12q∫q/2UV+2qxy dy\sum_{0\le j\le\frac{UV}{2q}-\frac14}\frac{x}{2jq+\frac q2}\le\frac1{2q}\int_{q/2}^{UV+2q}\frac xy\,dy∑0≤j≤2qUV​−41​​2jq+2q​x​≤2q1​∫q/2UV+2q​yx​dy compares a decreasing summand with the integral over the preceding block of length 2q2q2q, which covers j≥1j\ge1j≥1 but not j=0j=0j=0; the uncovered term is xq/2=x2q⋅4\frac{x}{q/2}=\frac{x}{2q}\cdot4q/2x​=2qx​⋅4. At q=4q=4q=4, UV=40UV=40UV=40 the sum is 0.7235x0.7235x0.7235x and the printed bound 0.3973x0.3973x0.3973x.

The last constant. In the square-root expansion of the Type II envelope the cross term is 2q⋅x2Wq⋅x=x2q2Wq=xW\sqrt{2q}\cdot\sqrt{\frac{x}{2Wq}}\cdot\sqrt x=x\sqrt{\frac{2q}{2Wq}}=\frac{x}{\sqrt W}2q​⋅2Wqx​​⋅x​=x2Wq2q​​=W​x​, coefficient 111 and not 12\frac1{\sqrt2}2​1​; integrating against 4dWW\frac{4dW}{W}W4dW​ turns 1.12≤0.78\frac{1.1}{\sqrt2}\le0.782​1.1​≤0.78 into 1.11.11.1.

Formalization Note The alternative form of the first term available when a=±1a=\pm1a=±1 and UV<q−1UV<q-1UV<q−1 is omitted, since the derivation of Theorem 1.3 does not use it. The smoothed sum is the platform definition.

Preamble
import Mathlib
import Definitions.Def_TaoFivePrimes_SmoothedExpSum
import Definitions.Def_TaoFivePrimes_RepresentationCount

open Finset
Formal statement
theorem TaoFivePrimes.minor_arc_bound_theorem51_as_proved
    (x alpha beta : ℝ) (a : ℤ) (q : ℕ) (hq : 4 ≤ q)
    (haq : Nat.Coprime a.natAbs q)
    (halpha : 4 * alpha = (a : ℝ) / q + beta)
    (hbeta : |beta| ≤ 1 / (q : ℝ) ^ 2)
    (U V : ℝ) (hU1 : 1 < U) (hV1 : 1 < V) (hUx : U < x) (hVx : V < x)
    (hUV : U * V ≤ x / 4) (hUV2 : x ≤ U * V ^ 2)
    (hU40 : 40 ≤ U) (hV40 : 40 ≤ V) :
    ‖TaoFivePrimes.smoothedExpSum TaoFivePrimes.eta0 2 x alpha‖ ≤
      (x / q) * Real.log x * (Real.log (2 * U * V / q + 4) + 4)
        + 1.78 * (U * V + (5 / 2) * q) * (8 + Real.log q) * Real.log (2 * x)
      + (0.1 * x / Real.sqrt q + 0.39 * x / Real.sqrt (x / q))
          * Real.log (x / (U * V)) * Real.log (V * x / U)
      + (0.55 * x / Real.sqrt U + 1.1 * x / Real.sqrt V) * Real.log (x / U) := by sorry
Source
Terence Tao, "Every odd number greater than 1 is the sum of at most five primes", Mathematics of Computation 83 (2014), 997-1038; arXiv:1201.6656, https://arxiv.org/abs/1201.6656, Section 5, Theorem 5.1, with all four terms replaced by what the proof of that theorem yields

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