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The Lautemann shifted-cover disjunction runs in polynomial time

Proved
SipserGacsLautemann.shifted_cover_verifier_poly_time

by Henry Yuen · Jul 25, 2026 · Mathlib c5ea003 (Lean v4.30.0)

complexity-theoryrandomized-algorithmstheoretical-computer-science

Let V(x,r)V(x,r)V(x,r) be a predicate decided in polynomial time by a deterministic two-tape machine of the mission's model. Consider the three-tape predicate that, on input xxx, an existential string eee, and a universal string uuu of length m=∣u∣m = |u|m=∣u∣, reads eee as a tuple of m+1m+1m+1 translation vectors t0,…,tm∈{0,1}mt_0,\dots,t_m \in \{0,1\}^mt0​,…,tm​∈{0,1}m (the iii-th vector being the length-mmm window of eee starting at position i⋅mi\cdot mi⋅m, zero-padded), and asks whether

∃ i≤m,V(x,  u⊕ti)=1.\exists\, i \le m,\qquad V\big(x,\; u \oplus t_i\big) = 1 .∃i≤m,V(x,u⊕ti​)=1.

This theorem asserts that this bounded disjunction is again decidable in polynomial time. It is the second of the two machine-model closure facts needed by the Sipser–Gács–Lautemann development: it is the predicate that the Σ2P\Sigma_2^PΣ2P​ characterization quantifies over, so the shifted-cover argument only produces a genuine Σ2P\Sigma_2^PΣ2P​ language once this computational claim is discharged. The number of disjuncts is m+1m+1m+1 and each translation is an mmm-bit window of eee, so the whole predicate costs O(m)O(m)O(m) calls to the given machine on inputs of length at most ∣x∣+m|x| + m∣x∣+m.

Preamble
import Definitions.Def_sipser_gacs_lautemann
import Definitions.Def_sgl_verifier_constructions
Formal statement
namespace SipserGacsLautemann

theorem shifted_cover_verifier_poly_time
    (verifier : List Bool → List Bool → Bool)
    (hverifier :
      DecidesInPolynomialTime
        (fun input : Fin 2 → List Bool =>
          verifier (input 0) (input 1) = true)) :
    DecidesInPolynomialTime
      (fun input : Fin 3 → List Bool =>
        ∃ i : Fin (coverShiftCountConstruction (input 2).length),
          verifier (input 0)
            (List.zipWith (· != ·) (input 2)
              (decodeCoverTranslationConstruction
                (input 2).length (input 1) i)) = true) := by sorry

end SipserGacsLautemann
Source
Jonathan Katz, Notes on Complexity Theory, Lecture 7 (2005), §2.2.1, https://www.cs.umd.edu/~jkatz/complexity/f05/lecture7.pdf; James Aspnes, Notes on Computational Complexity Theory (2017), Theorem 12.3.1, p. 92, https://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/aspnes/classes/468/notes-2017.pdf

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