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QuantumParallelRepetition.entangledValue_tendsto_zero

Proved

by Henry Yuen · Aug 9, 2026 · Mathlib c5ea003 (Lean v4.30.0)

nonlocal-gamesparallel-repetitionquantum-information

Let GGG be a finite two-player one-round game with nonempty answer alphabets, and let ω∗(G)\omega^*(G)ω∗(G) be the supremal winning probability of its finite-dimensional entangled strategies. Let GnG^nGn denote the nnn-fold parallel repetition, in which the referee samples all coordinates independently and the players win only if every coordinate accepts.

If the original game cannot be won with certainty,

ω∗(G)<1,\omega^*(G)<1,ω∗(G)<1,

then its repeated entangled value converges to zero:

lim⁡n→∞ω∗(Gn)=0.\lim_{n\to\infty}\omega^*(G^n)=0.n→∞lim​ω∗(Gn)=0.

Equivalently, for every ε>0\varepsilon>0ε>0, all sufficiently large repetition counts nnn satisfy ω∗(Gn)<ε\omega^*(G^n)<\varepsilonω∗(Gn)<ε. The theorem deliberately asserts no rate of convergence.

Formalization Note Lean expresses the conclusion as Tendsto (repeatedEntangledValue G) atTop (𝓝 0). The sequence includes the zero-fold repetition, but changing finitely many terms does not affect its limit.

Preamble
import Definitions.Def_quantum_parallel_repetition_game
import Mathlib.Topology.Order.Basic

open Filter
open scoped Topology
Formal statement
namespace QuantumParallelRepetition

/-- The entangled value of every nontrivial finite two-player game tends to zero under
parallel repetition. -/
theorem entangledValue_tendsto_zero
    {X Y A B : Type*}
    [Fintype X] [Fintype Y] [Fintype A] [Fintype B]
    [Nonempty A] [Nonempty B]
    (G : Game X Y A B)
    (hG : entangledValue G < 1) :
    Tendsto (repeatedEntangledValue G) atTop (𝓝 0) := by
  sorry

end QuantumParallelRepetition
Source
Henry Yuen, A parallel repetition theorem for all entangled games, arXiv:1604.04340v1, p. 2, qualitative consequence immediately before Theorem 1 and p. 1, abstract, https://arxiv.org/abs/1604.04340
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What the Lean code literally says, in plain math · gpt-5

For every choice of types X,Y,A,BX,Y,A,BX,Y,A,B equipped with Fintype\mathrm{Fintype}Fintype instances, with Nonempty\mathrm{Nonempty}Nonempty instances additionally assumed for AAA and BBB but not for XXX or YYY, and for every game GGG consisting of a real weight w:X→Y→Rw:X\to Y\to\mathbb Rw:X→Y→R satisfying 0≤w(x,y)0\le w(x,y)0≤w(x,y) for every x,yx,yx,y and ∑x∈X∑y∈Yw(x,y)=1\sum_{x\in X}\sum_{y\in Y}w(x,y)=1∑x∈X​∑y∈Y​w(x,y)=1, together with a Boolean predicate p:X→Y→A→B→Boolp:X\to Y\to A\to B\to\mathrm{Bool}p:X→Y→A→B→Bool, the following implication holds: if ω∗(G)<1\omega^*(G)<1ω∗(G)<1, then lim⁡n→∞ω∗(G⊗n)=0\lim_{n\to\infty}\omega^*(G^{\otimes n})=0limn→∞​ω∗(G⊗n)=0, meaning that for every neighborhood UUU of 000 there is an N∈NN\in\mathbb NN∈N such that ω∗(G⊗n)∈U\omega^*(G^{\otimes n})\in Uω∗(G⊗n)∈U for every n≥Nn\ge Nn≥N. Here ω∗(H)\omega^*(H)ω∗(H) is the real supremum of the winning probabilities over all strategy records for HHH; each such record chooses types DA,DB:TypeD_A,D_B:\mathrm{Type}DA​,DB​:Type, each equipped with both a Fintype\mathrm{Fintype}Fintype instance and a DecidableEq\mathrm{DecidableEq}DecidableEq instance but with no explicit Nonempty\mathrm{Nonempty}Nonempty assumption, a complex matrix ρ\rhoρ indexed by DA×DBD_A\times D_BDA​×DB​ that is positive semidefinite and has tr⁡(ρ)=1\operatorname{tr}(\rho)=1tr(ρ)=1, for every first-player question qqq a family (Mqa)a(M_q^a)_a(Mqa​)a​ of positive-semidefinite complex matrices indexed by DAD_ADA​ with ∑aMqa=I\sum_a M_q^a=I∑a​Mqa​=I, and for every second-player question rrr a family (Nrb)b(N_r^b)_b(Nrb​)b​ of positive-semidefinite complex matrices indexed by DBD_BDB​ with ∑bNrb=I\sum_b N_r^b=I∑b​Nrb​=I; its winning probability is ∑q∑rwH(q,r)∑a∑b(Re⁡tr⁡(ρ(Mqa⊗Nrb)) if pH(q,r,a,b)=true, and 0 otherwise)\sum_q\sum_r w_H(q,r)\sum_a\sum_b\bigl(\operatorname{Re}\operatorname{tr}(\rho(M_q^a\otimes N_r^b))\ \text{if }p_H(q,r,a,b)=\mathrm{true},\ \text{and }0\text{ otherwise}\bigr)∑q​∑r​wH​(q,r)∑a​∑b​(Retr(ρ(Mqa​⊗Nrb​)) if pH​(q,r,a,b)=true, and 0 otherwise). For G⊗nG^{\otimes n}G⊗n, the questions are all functions x:Fin⁡(n)→Xx:\operatorname{Fin}(n)\to Xx:Fin(n)→X and y:Fin⁡(n)→Yy:\operatorname{Fin}(n)\to Yy:Fin(n)→Y, the answers are all functions a:Fin⁡(n)→Aa:\operatorname{Fin}(n)\to Aa:Fin(n)→A and b:Fin⁡(n)→Bb:\operatorname{Fin}(n)\to Bb:Fin(n)→B, the question weight is ∏i∈Fin⁡(n)w(xi,yi)\prod_{i\in\operatorname{Fin}(n)}w(x_i,y_i)∏i∈Fin(n)​w(xi​,yi​), and the Boolean predicate is true exactly when p(xi,yi,ai,bi)=truep(x_i,y_i,a_i,b_i)=\mathrm{true}p(xi​,yi​,ai​,bi​)=true for every i∈Fin⁡(n)i\in\operatorname{Fin}(n)i∈Fin(n); the supremum defining ω∗(G⊗n)\omega^*(G^{\otimes n})ω∗(G⊗n) ranges over all strategy records just described for these function-valued question and answer types. The sequence includes n=0n=0n=0: all four function types out of Fin⁡(0)\operatorname{Fin}(0)Fin(0) are singletons, the empty-product question weight is 111, and the universal winning condition is vacuously true, so the zero-fold game’s strategy winning probabilities, and hence its entangled value, are 111; convergence at infinity nevertheless imposes no separate restriction on this initial term. Finally, although no Nonempty\mathrm{Nonempty}Nonempty assumptions are given for XXX or YYY, the normalization field required of GGG cannot be satisfied if either is empty.

Human review
  • Endorsed by Shuze Chen · Aug 9, 2026

  • Endorsed by Henry Yuen · Aug 9, 2026

    Confirmed by the mission captain (proposal self-audit).

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