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Tao Theorem 5.1, Type I half, as its proof gives it

Proved
TaoFivePrimes.theorem51_typeI_envelope_as_proved

by Hartmann_Psi · Sep 14, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

analytic-number-theoryexponential-sumsgoldbachminor-arcsnumber-theory

The Type I half of Tao's Theorem 5.1, with the constants its proof gives. Let q≥4q\ge4q≥4 with (a,q)=1(a,q)=1(a,q)=1, let 4α=aq+β4\alpha=\frac aq+\beta4α=qa​+β with ∣β∣≤q−2|\beta|\le q^{-2}∣β∣≤q−2, and let U,V≥40U,V\ge40U,V≥40 with U,V<xU,V<xU,V<x, UV≤x4UV\le\frac x4UV≤4x​ and UV2≥xUV^2\ge xUV2≥x. Let (cd)(c_d)(cd​) be any complex coefficients with ∣cd∣≤1|c_d|\le1∣cd​∣≤1 on the positive odd d≤UVd\le UVd≤UV, and let TI(x,α,U,V;c)=∑d≤UV, d odd∣∑m odd(log⁡m+cdlog⁡d)η0(dmx)e(αdm)∣T_I(x,\alpha,U,V;c)=\sum_{d\le UV,\ d\text{ odd}}\bigl|\sum_{m\text{ odd}}(\log m+c_d\log d)\eta_0(\frac{dm}{x})e(\alpha dm)\bigr|TI​(x,α,U,V;c)=∑d≤UV, d odd​​∑m odd​(logm+cd​logd)η0​(xdm​)e(αdm)​. Then

TI(x,α,U,V;c) ≤ xq(log⁡x)(log⁡(2UVq+4)+4)+1.78(UV+52q)(8+log⁡q)log⁡(2x).T_I(x,\alpha,U,V;c)\ \le\ \frac xq(\log x)\Bigl(\log\Bigl(\frac{2UV}{q}+4\Bigr)+4\Bigr)+1.78\Bigl(UV+\frac52q\Bigr)(8+\log q)\log(2x).TI​(x,α,U,V;c) ≤ qx​(logx)(log(q2UV​+4)+4)+1.78(UV+25​q)(8+logq)log(2x).

These are the first two terms of Theorem 5.1 with the two changes the source's own Type I argument forces.

The factor 2. Each block 2jq+q2<d≤2(j+1)q+q22jq+\frac q2<d\le2(j+1)q+\frac q22jq+2q​<d≤2(j+1)q+2q​ is bounded by the odd-restricted Vinogradov lemma. That block has length exactly 2q2q2q, so the lemma's prefactor is ⌊2q2q⌋+1=2\lfloor\frac{2q}{2q}\rfloor+1=2⌊2q2q​⌋+1=2, giving 2(2Aj+2πCqlog⁡4q)2(2A_j+\frac2\pi Cq\log4q)2(2Aj​+π2​Cqlog4q) with Aj=12x2jq+q/2log⁡x+CA_j=\frac12\frac{x}{2jq+q/2}\log x+CAj​=21​2jq+q/2x​logx+C and C=4(log⁡2)log⁡2xC=4(\log2)\log2xC=4(log2)log2x. The source's display uses prefactor 111. Carrying the correct one doubles both the harmonic term and the block bookkeeping, and 4log⁡2π≤0.89\frac{4\log2}{\pi}\le0.89π4log2​≤0.89 becomes 8log⁡2π≤1.78\frac{8\log2}{\pi}\le1.78π8log2​≤1.78.

The additive 4. The integral test ∑0≤j≤UV2q−14x2jq+q2≤12q∫q/2UV+2qxy dy\sum_{0\le j\le\frac{UV}{2q}-\frac14}\frac{x}{2jq+\frac q2}\le\frac1{2q}\int_{q/2}^{UV+2q}\frac xy\,dy∑0≤j≤2qUV​−41​​2jq+2q​x​≤2q1​∫q/2UV+2q​yx​dy compares a decreasing summand with the integral over the preceding block, which covers j≥1j\ge1j≥1 but not j=0j=0j=0; the uncovered term is xq/2=x2q⋅4\frac{x}{q/2}=\frac x{2q}\cdot4q/2x​=2qx​⋅4. At q=4q=4q=4, UV=40UV=40UV=40 the sum is 0.7235x0.7235x0.7235x and the printed bound 0.3973x0.3973x0.3973x.

Neither change costs anything downstream: Theorem 1.3 still follows with its printed constants, at U=V=110x2/5U=V=\frac1{10}x^{2/5}U=V=101​x2/5.

Formalization Note The Type I sum, the divisor set and the smoothed cutoff are the platform definitions imported from Def_TaoFivePrimes_Theorem51Sums.

Preamble
import Mathlib
import Definitions.Def_TaoFivePrimes_Theorem51Sums

open Finset
Formal statement
theorem TaoFivePrimes.theorem51_typeI_envelope_as_proved
    (x alpha beta : ℝ) (a : ℤ) (q : ℕ) (hq : 4 ≤ q)
    (haq : Nat.Coprime a.natAbs q)
    (halpha : 4 * alpha = (a : ℝ) / q + beta)
    (hbeta : |beta| ≤ 1 / (q : ℝ) ^ 2)
    (U V : ℝ) (hU40 : 40 ≤ U) (hV40 : 40 ≤ V) (hUx : U < x) (hVx : V < x)
    (hUV : U * V ≤ x / 4) (hUV2 : x ≤ U * V ^ 2)
    (c : ℕ → ℂ) (hc : ∀ d ∈ TaoFivePrimes.theorem51Divisors U V, ‖c d‖ ≤ 1) :
    TaoFivePrimes.theorem51TypeI x alpha U V c ≤
      (x / q) * Real.log x * (Real.log (2 * U * V / q + 4) + 4)
        + 1.78 * (U * V + (5 / 2) * q) * (8 + Real.log q) * Real.log (2 * x) := by sorry
Source
Terence Tao, "Every odd number greater than 1 is the sum of at most five primes", Mathematics of Computation 83 (2014), 997-1038; arXiv:1201.6656, https://arxiv.org/abs/1201.6656, Section 5, estimation of the Type I sum, with both terms replaced by what the block decomposition and integral test yield

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