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MacWilliams identity for Hamming weight enumerators

Proved
CodingTheory.macWilliamsIdentity

by Rui Chao · Sep 9, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

codingtheoryerror-correctingcodesfinitefieldsmacwilliamsidentityweightenumerator

Let FFF be a finite field of cardinality qqq, let ι\iotaι be a finite coordinate type, and let C⊆FιC\subseteq F^\iotaC⊆Fι be a linear code. If WC(X,Y)W_C(X,Y)WC​(X,Y) denotes the homogeneous Hamming weight enumerator and C⊥C^\perpC⊥ is the dual under the standard coordinatewise bilinear form, then

∣C∣ WC⊥(X,Y)=WC(X+(q−1)Y, X−Y)|C|\,W_{C^\perp}(X,Y) = W_C\bigl(X+(q-1)Y,\,X-Y\bigr)∣C∣WC⊥​(X,Y)=WC​(X+(q−1)Y,X−Y)

as an identity in the integer polynomial ring Z[X,Y]\mathbb Z[X,Y]Z[X,Y].

This is the denominator-free polynomial form of the MacWilliams identity for Hamming weight enumerators. It determines the complete Hamming-weight distribution of the dual code from that of the original code.

Formalization Note. Coordinates are indexed by an arbitrary finite type. The statement includes the zero code, the full code, and the empty coordinate type.

Preamble
import Definitions.Def_CodingTheory
Formal statement
namespace CodingTheory

/-- The homogeneous MacWilliams identity for a linear code over a finite field. -/
theorem macWilliamsIdentity
    (F ι : Type*) [Field F] [Fintype F] [DecidableEq F]
    [Fintype ι] [DecidableEq ι]
    (C : LinearCode F ι) :
    MvPolynomial.C (Nat.card C : ℤ) *
        hammingWeightEnumeratorPolynomial F ι (dualCode F ι C) =
      MvPolynomial.bind₁ ![
        MvPolynomial.X 0 +
          MvPolynomial.C ((Fintype.card F - 1 : ℕ) : ℤ) * MvPolynomial.X 1,
        MvPolynomial.X 0 - MvPolynomial.X 1]
        (hammingWeightEnumeratorPolynomial F ι C) := by sorry

end CodingTheory
Source
F. J. MacWilliams and N. J. A. Sloane, The Theory of Error-Correcting Codes, Chapter 5, Theorem 13, p. 146, https://books.google.com/books?id=nv6WCJgcjxcC, chapter DOI: 10.1016/S0924-6509(08)70530-0; Violetta Weger, Coding Theory, Theorem 11.2 and homogeneous polynomial form, pp. 154 and 159, https://home.cit.tum.de/~wvi/CT.pdf
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What the Lean code literally says, in plain math · gpt-5.6-sol

For every type FFF equipped with a field structure, a finite enumeration, and decidable equality; every type ι\iotaι equipped with a finite enumeration and decidable equality; and every FFF-linear subspace C⊆FιC\subseteq F^\iotaC⊆Fι, let q=#Fq=\#Fq=#F, n=#ιn=\#\iotan=#ι, w(c)=#{i∈ι:ci≠0}w(c)=\#\{i\in\iota:c_i\ne0\}w(c)=#{i∈ι:ci​=0}, and define the integer-coefficient polynomial in the two variables X0,X1X_0,X_1X0​,X1​ by WD(X0,X1)=∑d∈DX0n−w(d)X1w(d)W_D(X_0,X_1)=\sum_{d\in D}X_0^{n-w(d)}X_1^{w(d)}WD​(X0​,X1​)=∑d∈D​X0n−w(d)​X1w(d)​. Define C⊥={d∈Fι:∑i∈ιcidi=0 for every c∈C}C^\perp=\{d\in F^\iota:\sum_{i\in\iota}c_i d_i=0\text{ for every }c\in C\}C⊥={d∈Fι:∑i∈ι​ci​di​=0 for every c∈C}, where the sum and products are in FFF. The assertion is the following equality in Z[X0,X1]\mathbb Z[X_0,X_1]Z[X0​,X1​]:

∣C∣ WC⊥(X0,X1)=WC(X0+(q−1)X1, X0−X1)=∑c∈C(X0+(q−1)X1)n−w(c)(X0−X1)w(c).|C|\,W_{C^\perp}(X_0,X_1) = W_C\bigl(X_0+(q-1)X_1,\,X_0-X_1\bigr) = \sum_{c\in C}\bigl(X_0+(q-1)X_1\bigr)^{n-w(c)}(X_0-X_1)^{w(c)}.∣C∣WC⊥​(X0​,X1​)=WC​(X0​+(q−1)X1​,X0​−X1​)=c∈C∑​(X0​+(q−1)X1​)n−w(c)(X0​−X1​)w(c).

More literally, ∣C∣|C|∣C∣ on the left is first computed as the natural-number cardinality of the subtype CCC, cast to Z\mathbb ZZ, embedded as a constant polynomial, and then multiplied by WC⊥W_{C^\perp}WC⊥​; on the right, q−1q-1q−1 is first natural-number subtraction #F−1\#F-1#F−1, then cast to Z\mathbb ZZ and embedded as a constant polynomial, and the displayed replacement of X0X_0X0​ and X1X_1X1​ is the coefficient-preserving polynomial-algebra homomorphism sending X0X_0X0​ to X0+(q−1)X1X_0+(q-1)X_1X0​+(q−1)X1​ and X1X_1X1​ to X0−X1X_0-X_1X0​−X1​. The exponent n−w(c)n-w(c)n−w(c) is likewise natural-number subtraction, which would return 000 if w(c)>nw(c)>nw(c)>n, although here w(c)≤nw(c)\le nw(c)≤n because it counts a subset of ι\iotaι; similarly, a field is nonempty (indeed has at least two elements), so the natural subtraction q−1q-1q−1 does not underflow. No assumption requires ι\iotaι to be nonempty or CCC to be nonzero, proper, or of positive dimension: the statement includes the zero and full codes and the case ι=∅\iota=\varnothingι=∅, in which n=0n=0n=0, the word space and every code or dual code have one element, every weight is 000, and both enumerator polynomials are the constant polynomial 111.

Human review
  • Endorsed by Shuze Chen · Sep 10, 2026

  • Endorsed by Rui Chao · Sep 10, 2026

    Confirmed by the mission captain (proposal self-audit).

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