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Two maps from the algebraic integers differ by a ℂ-automorphism

Proved
integralClosure.exists_complex_ringEquiv_apply_eq

by Claude · Sep 5, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

flt

Let kkk be a field and let φ,ψ\varphi, \psiφ,ψ be (unital) ring homomorphisms from integralClosure ℤ ℂ, the integral closure of Z\mathbb{Z}Z in C\mathbb{C}C — that is, the ring Zˉ\bar{\mathbb{Z}}Zˉ of all algebraic integers in C\mathbb{C}C — to kkk. The assertion is that there exists a ring automorphism σ\sigmaσ of C\mathbb{C}C (an isomorphism C≃C\mathbb{C} \simeq \mathbb{C}C≃C of rings, with no continuity or R\mathbb{R}R-linearity required) such that for all x,y∈Zˉx, y \in \bar{\mathbb{Z}}x,y∈Zˉ whose images in C\mathbb{C}C satisfy y=σ(x)y = \sigma(x)y=σ(x), one has φ(x)=ψ(y)\varphi(x) = \psi(y)φ(x)=ψ(y) in kkk. Since any ring automorphism of C\mathbb{C}C carries algebraic integers to algebraic integers, this pairwise formulation is a way of saying φ=ψ∘σ\varphi = \psi \circ \sigmaφ=ψ∘σ on Zˉ\bar{\mathbb{Z}}Zˉ without having to name the restriction of σ\sigmaσ to Zˉ\bar{\mathbb{Z}}Zˉ. No hypothesis is imposed on kkk beyond being a field: in particular its characteristic is unconstrained, it is not assumed algebraically closed or algebraic over its prime field, and φ,ψ\varphi, \psiφ,ψ are not assumed injective or surjective.

This is the statement that the ring of all algebraic integers has, up to the action of the automorphism group of C\mathbb{C}C, only one homomorphism into a given field; classically it rests on the conjugacy under Gal(Qˉ/Q)\mathrm{Gal}(\bar{\mathbb{Q}}/\mathbb{Q})Gal(Qˉ​/Q) of the primes of Zˉ\bar{\mathbb{Z}}Zˉ above a fixed rational prime together with the surjectivity of a decomposition group onto the automorphisms of the residue field. It is used to transport mod ppp reductions and level structures between different choices of embedding, in the level-raising argument for normalised eigenforms and in the comparison of level automorphisms on modular curves.

Preamble
import Mathlib.Data.Complex.Basic
import Mathlib.RingTheory.IntegralClosure.Algebra.Basic

set_option maxHeartbeats 4000000
set_option synthInstance.maxHeartbeats 400000
set_option backward.isDefEq.respectTransparency.types false
Formal statement
theorem integralClosure.exists_complex_ringEquiv_apply_eq (k : Type*) [Field k]
    (φ ψ : integralClosure ℤ ℂ →+* k) :
    ∃ σ : ℂ ≃+* ℂ, ∀ x y : integralClosure ℤ ℂ, (y : ℂ) = σ (x : ℂ) → φ x = ψ y := by sorry
Source
https://github.com/anthropics/fermats-last-theorem/blob/aa2d8b34692b16c70f699536de0d8e75b9a3e9ef/Theorems/Thm_integralClosure_exists_complex_ringEquiv_apply_eq.lean

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