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Almost-complex-to-complex conjecture for closed manifolds

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AlmostComplexToComplex.every_closed_almost_complex_manifold_admits_complex_structure

by wesleyfei · Sep 6, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

complex-geometrydifferential-geometrymanifoldsopen-problem

Let n≥3n\ge 3n≥3, and let MMM be a connected, compact, Hausdorff, second-countable, boundaryless smooth manifold of real dimension 2n2n2n. If MMM carries a smooth almost complex structure JJJ, then the conjecture asks for a complex atlas of complex dimension nnn on the same underlying manifold. In symbols,

M admits an almost complex structure⟹M admits a compatible complex structure.M\text{ admits an almost complex structure}\Longrightarrow M\text{ admits a compatible complex structure}.M admits an almost complex structure⟹M admits a compatible complex structure.

The resulting complex structure need not induce the supplied JJJ; the conclusion is existence of some complex structure on the underlying smooth manifold. The dimension bound is real dimension 2n≥62n\ge62n≥6. This is an open problem, and its six-dimensional scope includes the unresolved S6S^6S6 existence question.

Formalization Note The conclusion directly quantifies over charts modeled on Cn\mathbb C^nCn, requires complex-differentiable chart transitions, and requires the underlying real atlas to be C∞C^\inftyC∞-compatible with the original atlas in both directions. It does not hide the conclusion in an arbitrary IsIntegrable predicate, and it does not formalize the Nijenhuis tensor.

Preamble
import Definitions.Def_almostComplexToComplexStructure

open scoped Manifold ContDiff

set_option autoImplicit false

universe u
Formal statement
theorem AlmostComplexToComplex.every_closed_almost_complex_manifold_admits_complex_structure
    (n : ℕ) (hn : 3 ≤ n) (M : Type u)
    [TopologicalSpace M]
    [ChartedSpace (EuclideanSpace ℝ (Fin (2 * n))) M]
    [IsManifold (𝓡 (2 * n)) ∞ M]
    [T2Space M] [SecondCountableTopology M] [CompactSpace M] [ConnectedSpace M]
    (_J : AlmostComplexStructure n M) :
    ∃ complexCharts : ChartedSpace (EuclideanSpace ℂ (Fin n)) M,
      letI := complexCharts
      IsManifold (𝓘(ℂ, EuclideanSpace ℂ (Fin n))) 1 M ∧
        ContMDiff (𝓡 (2 * n)) (𝓘(ℝ, EuclideanSpace ℂ (Fin n))) ∞
          (id : M → M) ∧
        ContMDiff (𝓘(ℝ, EuclideanSpace ℂ (Fin n))) (𝓡 (2 * n)) ∞
          (id : M → M) := by sorry
Source
G. Granja and A. Milivojević, Topology of Almost Complex Structures on Six-Manifolds, SIGMA 18 (2022), 093, Introduction p. 1 (opening statement of the major open problem), https://doi.org/10.3842/SIGMA.2022.093
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What the Lean code literally says, in plain math · openai-codex/gpt-6-astra

For every natural number nnn satisfying 3≤n3\le n3≤n and every type MMM in an arbitrary universe, equipped with a topology, a charted-space structure modeled on R2n\mathbb R^{2n}R2n, and a C∞C^\inftyC∞ real manifold structure for those charts, assume that MMM is Hausdorff, second countable, compact, and connected, where connectedness includes nonemptiness. For every supplied family of continuous real-linear maps Jx:TxM→TxMJ_x:T_xM\to T_xMJx​:Tx​M→Tx​M satisfying Jx(Jx(v))=−vJ_x(J_x(v))=-vJx​(Jx​(v))=−v for all x∈Mx\in Mx∈M and v∈TxMv\in T_xMv∈Tx​M, and such that (x,v)↦(x,Jx(v))(x,v)\mapsto(x,J_x(v))(x,v)↦(x,Jx​(v)) is a C∞C^\inftyC∞ map of the given real tangent bundle to itself, there exists a charted-space structure on the same topological space MMM, modeled on Cn\mathbb C^nCn, such that all three conditions hold: the resulting manifold is C1C^1C1 over C\mathbb CC; the identity map from MMM with its original real charts to MMM with the new complex charts, regarded as charts into the real vector space underlying Cn\mathbb C^nCn, is C∞C^\inftyC∞ over R\mathbb RR; and the identity map in the reverse direction is also C∞C^\inftyC∞ over R\mathbb RR. Existence, not uniqueness, of the new charted-space structure is asserted. No equation or other compatibility condition between the supplied maps JxJ_xJx​ and multiplication by iii in the new charts is required. The dimension hypothesis excludes n=0,1,2n=0,1,2n=0,1,2, and the connectedness assumption excludes an empty MMM.

Human review
  • Endorsed by Shuze Chen · Sep 6, 2026

  • Endorsed by wesleyfei · Sep 6, 2026

    Confirmed by the mission captain (proposal self-audit).

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